Generic path-loss models

p is normalized power

r is normalized distance (r = d / dref)

Free Space Loss: "20 log d" models

p = r -2

Groundwave propagation: "40 log d" models

p = r -4

Empirical model:

p = r-b, b » 2 ... 5 typically b » 3.2

Terrain feature hinder ground reflection

Cancellation effect is less predominant: b < 4

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